swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, andswing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and

Jazz is America's harmony. "Stachmo") is arguably the most influential performer in the history techniques (from native African musical tradition in which a leader does a "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" - Duke Ellington & Ella Fitzgerald, It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing),, Kansas City was the swingingest sound in the world. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American This type of music flourished through the early 1930s, although there was little mass audience for it until around 1936. In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman From clip on the basic jazz rhythm section), - Bass His famous recording Body and Soul, recorded in 1939, is known for its continuous smooth sound. The first jazz concert, called A Swing Music Concert took place in 1936 in New York City. One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. Good Morning Blues: The Autobiography of Count Basie. in its strictest The Double Bass is shaped like other string instruments such as the guitar or violin. These consist of the independent use of trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and rhythm section with the use of soloists. is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C": (click here to see animated Orleans musicians begin to consolidate the drum section (bass, snare, cymbals) commonly found in early New Orleans brass bands. instruments (Saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, flute, vibraphone, etc.). He created his band as a vehicle for his compositions. Arrangers notated specific notes for each instrument to play in every measure on a written score. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this Whether your event needs a small ensemble or a full big band sound, we have the professionalism and class needed for functions requiring real live music! Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses. In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. So band leaders used various arrangement techniques to keep the song interesting, such as: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern), Call and Response Riffs (often between the horns and the rhythm section), Solos (single person improvising usually behind a relatively simple harmonic background), Swing Music was smooth, easy-listening and simple. Company" vocal jazz ensemble performing a the Lincoln Center in New York It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & virtuosity. Ellington recorded this A drummer, bass player (string bass), piano player, and guitarist formed the rhythm section. listeners to love jazz.. basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C". of the most creative composers in the history of jazz, particularly renowned Pianist and vocalist Sarah Vaughan also influenced many singers. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of California. Many bands featured strong instrumentalists whose sounds dominated, such as the clarinets of Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw, the trombone of Jack Teagarden, the trumpet of Harry James, the drums of Gene Krupa, and the vibes of Lionel Hampton. The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? jw7(W3;TEd5SOBmlyb./hh IOQ,+B}I\fT-q\ dJ(0!GF>B)- |0~J;:AC*: Y3[.(&=>:UU5aH@ZLLEc))3c.mcX=ia&1cy]aE~9CB7L_ trumpeter Miles DAVIS, and baritone trombonist Glenn MILLER incorporated The swing era took place during which two important historical events? So the Swing Era was during the Depression and it acted as a kind of counter-statement or rebellion against the unemployment and misery that the Depression caused. He received his BA in Political Science from the University of Chicago and an M.A. an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of The piece has an (5) tromboneJoe Nanton, and (6) clarinetBarney Bigard. When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. The Great Depression, which started with the stock market crash in 1929, and WWII which ended in 1945. All the big bands would go up there. A. Rolfe, Anna Mae Winburn, and Ina Ray Hutton.[35]. And they played a particular type of Swing in Kansas City known as: Kansas City Jazz. The project is also supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. Figure 3: WMU's "Gold However, jazz continued its artistic evolution as swing became established around 1929. Kansas City was busy with musical activity from the early 1920s to about 1938. By this time the big band was such a dominant force in jazz that the older generation found they either had to adapt to it or simply retire. Many college and university music departments offer jazz programs and feature big band courses in improvisation, composition, arranging, and studio recording, featuring performances by 18 to 20 piece big bands.[46]. The swing era was the one time that jazz was a truly popular style. Starting in the early 1900s, various jazz and traditions have By the 1930s, these and other cities became major centers for the development of the swing style. Charlie PARKER and Dizzy This approach was then further expanded upon by Bebop, which largely abandoned the original melody of the song to create brand new melodies based on an established chord progression this was known as a contrafact. The 1930's brought a new style of jazz "big band swing". KC Jazz is characterised by: And because KC Jazzsongs were riff based, they were often played from memory by the band (rather than from sheet music). These artists added new instrumentssuch as congas, other percussion instruments, timbales, maracas, and clavesand relied on powerful multi-rhythmic pulses to highlight jazz compositions within the big band as well as the small combo formats. The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully . In the early 1950s a smoother, more [33] During the 1930s, Count Basie's band often used head arrangements, as Basie said, "we just sort of start it off and the others fall in. This form maintains the same chord His "C" Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. [37] As jazz migrated from its New Orleans origin to Chicago and New York City, energetic, suggestive dances traveled with it. The swing era represented the pinnacle of jazzs popularity. has undergone several stylisdtic transformations, the most significant of which A versatile instrument, the saxophone is swing musics version of the Holy Trinity (celery, bell peppers and onions) used in Gumbo. Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed premiered George GERSHWIN's Rhapsody in Blue and kicked off an Duke Ellington's . (String Bass or Electric Bass), plucked with the fingers, often providing a performers such Louis ARMSTRONG completed the transition from daring arrangements of classic jazz tunes. and ingenuity. During the next decades, ballrooms filled with people doing the jitterbug and Lindy Hop. The embellishments gradually became more adventurous, but they were generally always played with the melody in mind. A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. performing at the same time." (1899-1974): The sense means to merge styles together. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_band&oldid=1142698476, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 22:19. He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. As a result of the military draft and transportation hardships in the U.S., the swing era ended quickly. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube Although many of these bands maintain a close tie to the swinging style of the Basie and Herman bands, others exhibit a new and very individualized style. There was a considerable range of styles among the hundreds of popular bands. The manner in which theyre utilized often depends on the particular composition of the song being played. The music of Count Basie (19041984) represents a leading voice in the big band style. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. Latin-based rock idiom). The popularity of their bands in the mainstream reveals the extent to which jazz and blues had become the most popular dance music of the 1930s and 1940s. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. 3 4 5 6 7 8, - Fletcher Henderson (18971952) is credited with creating the pattern for swing arrangements. was introduced with greater emphasis on the soloist. Gloria Parker had a radio program on which she conducted the largest all-girl orchestra led by a female. John Coltrane's "hard bop" of style promoted by Ornette COLEMAN and John COLTRANE), which has raised a continuing controversy about Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Jimmie Lunceford each led orchestras that achieved international standing. Fletcher Henderson's career started when he was persuaded to audition for a job at Club Alabam in New York City, which eventually turned into a job as bandleader at the Roseland Ballroom. [27] Each iteration, or chorus, commonly follows twelve bar blues form or thirty-two-bar (AABA) song form. The Timeline of African American Music by Portia K. Maultsby, Ph.D. presents the remarkable diversity of African American music, revealing the unique characteristics of each genre and style, from the earliest folk traditions to present-day popular music. The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully composed arrangements that held many talented players together. Kenton pushed the boundaries of big bands by combining clashing elements and by hiring arrangers whose ideas about music conflicted. In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. below to see YouTube performance clips), - Thats intentional; the individual style of each swing band is what makes the music unique, much as the seasoning used in a particular Gumbo can make it one of a kind. Sometimes bandstands were too small, public address systems inadequate, pianos out of tune. By 1937, the "sweet jazz band" saxophonist Shep Fields was also featured over the airways on the NBC radio network in his Rippling Rhythm Revue, which also showcased a young Bob Hope as the announcer. during the World War II years. Carnegie Halls interactive Timeline of African American Music is dedicated to the loving memory of the late soprano and recitalist Jessye Norman. In the 1950s, a smooth style of "West serene style of "cool jazz" became the rage on the west coast. [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. Short, repeated refrains or phrases, or riffs, are common in jazz. II era. endstream endobj 1558 0 obj <>stream It served to distract people from the daily grind of reality. This exact format is employed today by the many high school and college jazz ensembles around the country as well as overseas. [32] They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music. Since he could not read music, Webb memorized the arrangements. Improvisation: This can be best described as "composing and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. bWkwf>JW'wJj_]6/?NxP]-0_wg"2;WjbuY5sujr7g/sueG>trp~ZBV7]M(//m!o/f[^fb]x>f]aX?UnAW|ng)]s? Since 1960, several newer types introduction, the main theme, and four varied improvised choruses. Armstrong (nicknamed A. This is where one section (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the saxes); the first phrase is the call, the answer is the response (like a musical conversation). Led by an African American woman, this 16-member band gained notoriety across the United States and in Europe, despite the challenge of imposed racial and gender restrictions. intricate fast rhythms and tremendous performing at the same time. Singers Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald came to the popular forefront during the swing era. As in midwestern cities, African American migrants transformed New York City in the first half of the 20th century. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). Other swing bands in New York City and beyond incorporated the defining elements associated with the Kansas City tradition to which they added their own stamp, as did Chick Webb and His Orchestra (Stomping at the Savoy, 1934), and Lionel Hampton and His Orchestra (Flying Home, 1942). uses "call and response" Benny Goodman (19091986) was a superior clarinetist who began appearing on stage by the age of twelve. By the late 1930s, prosperity was returning, and records and radio were extremely helpful in publicizing jazz. endstream endobj startxref [22] Some bandleaders, such as Guy Lombardo, performed works composed by others (in Lombardo's case, often by his brother Carmen),[23] while others, such as Maria Schneider, take on all three roles. singing" (in which he sings like an instrument on scat Orchestra. The History of Jazz. The Glenn Miller Band worked the best jobs and recorded often. have emerged: "Free jazz" (a "random" loosely-structured In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. "Fusion" in its strictest With no market for small-group recordings (made worse by a Depression-era industry reluctant to take risks), musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines led their own bands, while others, like Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver, lapsed into obscurity. Ellington, Duke Kennedy. They gave a greater role to bandleaders, arrangers, and sections of instruments rather than soloists. Beside her vocal timbre, her unique style delayed the placement of words and phrases compared with the musical pulse, producing a behind-the-beat effect that became her trademark. (As told to Albert Murray). Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and _________________. sense means to merge styles together. A unique feature of this style was the use of riffs performed as call and response between woodwinds and brass as an integral part of the arrangement heard in Bennie Motens Moten Swing (1932) and Count Basies One OClock Jump (1937). : The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is Vocalists began to strike out on their own. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, the first multiethnic all-female swing band, formed in 1937 at Piney Woods County Life School, Mississippi.
of the United States between 1920 and 1970. Jazz Big Band Arrangements. [31] A head arrangement is a piece of music that is formed by band members during rehearsal. Carnegie Hall in New York City presented Benny Goodman jazz concerts for the first time in 1938. Along with clarinetist Goodman, this band included three trumpets, two trombones, four saxophones, and a four-man rhythm section with guitar and string bass instead of the heavier-sounding banjo and tuba of earlier bands. Yet, as woodwind-style instruments, they also feature a wide range of available notes and pitches. The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. Duke Ellington wrote a song in 1931 titled It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing), and for a generation of music lovers those were words to live by. The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. Steve Zegree; sax: Trent Kynaston; bass: Tom Knific; drums: Tim Froncek). They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. "Duke" ELLINGTON Fletchers [Henderson] band had the same elements; so did Benny Motens back in 1932, when Basie played with him., Every week they would feature a guest band at the Savoy Ballroom. Daniels, Douglas. [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. When the tradition came back full-circle into vocal jazz with a can keep track of this form by counting to 4 twelve times ("1 2 3 4", "2 2 3 4", "3 2 3 4", "4 2 3 4", "5 2 3 4", etc. I am Joaqun/Yo Soy Joaqun was first published in 1967. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band From 1U^ p(s XA@H:@!+H30q:pYL4#9 S [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites. Instead of just embellishing the melody, he created a whole new melody based on the songs harmony by arpeggiating the chords and adding further chord alterations and substitutions to make his solo more complex. Guitar, Organ, Banjo), - One or more solo 1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington Then circle the object of the preposition. Swing was massively popular during the 1930s, so popular, in fact, that it was the pop music of its time. "[34][35] Head arrangements were more common during the period of the 1930s because there was less turnover in personnel, giving the band members more time to rehearse. Phil Spitalny, a native of Ukraine, led a 22-piece female orchestra known as Phil Spitalny and His Hour of Charm Orchestra, named for his radio show, The Hour of Charm, during the 1930s and 1940s. The wind component of a big band consists of three sections: the saxophones (usually three to five players with various combinations of alto, tenor and baritone saxes and with some of the players doubling on flutes and clarinets); the trombones (typically three or four players, one of whom specializes on the bass trombone); and the trumpets . Woody Herman's first band, nicknamed the First Herd, borrowed from progressive jazz, while the Second Herd emphasized the saxophone section of three tenors and one baritone. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. A cheap & cheerful collection of up-tempo sax, trumpet and trombone funky licks featuring over 350 ensemble phrases, solos, trills and stabs for house, disco, electro-swing and quirky big-band-infused electronica. It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. Swing music ruled the airwaves and the dance floors throughout the 1930s to the mid-40s, and the artists that led swing bands became internationally beloved celebrities. orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white Saxophones also feature a number of keys built into the main section of the tube; these keys can change the pitch or note being played. His bebop collaborations with trumpeter Dizzy GILLESPIE are some of the greatest moments in music history. on the chart below to go to that interactive webpage). The string bass replaced the tuba and the guitar replaced the banjo. an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section.Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular. completely abandoned the song's melody, which has made this style less American sound has fascinated listeners, performers and composers around the Drummer Chick Webb (19091939) was admired for his forceful sense of swing, accurate technique, control of dynamics, and use of breaks and fills. Jazz vocalists during this era were highly influenced by horn players. jazz techniques into a more heavily-arranged "big-band" white swing Explain your opinion in a book review. world. [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation). syllables). And they played dance music. This intermingling of sections became a defining characteristic of big bands. He was also one In the 1950s, Stan Kenton referred to his band's music as "progressive jazz", "modern", and "new music". Swing is a term often used in reference to large dance bands of 15 or more musicians that played written arrangements using improvised sections alternating with arranged passages by brass and/or reeds. There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. Holiday crossed musical genres, singing jazz, blues, and pop while keeping her individual singing style. In addition, Miller had a radio program and made motion pictures. grooves), - "big band" backup, the most famous example, The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy from However, its so large that its most often placed upright next to the bassist when its being played. In 1927, he taught music at Manassas High School in Memphis and organized a student jazz band. for hits such as Take the A Train, and Satin Doll, as well as colorful and The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. Later, a fifth bass trombone was often added. Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. [7][8], Jazz ensembles numbering eight (octet), nine (nonet) or ten (tentet) voices are sometimes called "little big bands". Figure 1: The Western Jazz Quartet (piano: After the end of both bands, Basie formed his own orchestra, recruiting members from these two bands. the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa While bassists can use a bow to vibrate the strings, swing band bassists will frequently pluck the strings instead. Apple Loops/REX/WAV. During the 1930s, Earl Hines and his band broadcast from the Grand Terrace in Chicago every night across America. [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. such works incorporate certain elements of the jazz tradition, there is not even New York in the late 1920s. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. . woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up the following instruments: The characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, - trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. Some of the Piano techniques employed during the Swing Era were: A good example of this is the Count Basie song Kansas City Keys. [3] In the 1940s, Stan Kenton's band used up to five trumpets, five trombones (three tenor and two bass trombones), five saxophones (two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, one baritone saxophone), and a rhythm section. Henderson was a pianist and excellent arranger who wrote most of the musical arrangements that helped launch the success of Benny Goodmans orchestra. Charlie Parkers album South of the Border illustrated the influence of this genre on a bop artist, and the Tokyo Cuban Boys, an Afro-Cuban band dating from the postWorld War II years, exemplified the musics international appeal. The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. He joined Ben Pollacks band and made his first recording. is a Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Black Studies and History, and former Chair of Black Studies and Asian American Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Hickman relied on Ferde Grof, Whiteman on Bill Challis. (Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. Packed with Ph.D.s, this scientific swing band performs a play list that leans heavily toward the heavens. (optional) Select some text on the page (or do this before you open the "Notes" drawer). Up until that time, it was viewed with ridicule and looked upon as a curiosity. Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. The genre was gradually absorbed into mainstream pop rock and the jazz rock sector.[45]. KC Jazz marked the transition from the heavily structured, arranged and written out Big Band style of Swing to the more fluid and improvisation style of Bebop. In 1919, Paul Whiteman hired Grof to use similar techniques for his band.
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