Board a ship to cross the wave; Expressed in pounds, shillings, and pence. Scroll forward and back to see the various cities for which average food prices are available. It also summarizes the years from 1907-1922. That the presidents persistent nostalgia for a yesteryear America had such visceral effect on rural voters only betrays the entrenched anxiety of a region where decline is a multi-generational way of life. Source: BLS. It provided a $1.20-a- day wage increase effective Jan, and an increase of 80 cents a day beginning April 1, 1959. Wages shown in 1930 US dollars. 467. Meal time was cold, cramped, and wet. But the chorus of foreign languages confirmed managements fears that companies were slipping out of control. Shows the average daily wages of workers in various industries in Riga as well as other parts of Latvia. Source: Appendix in. U.S. coal mining employment change by state Q4 2011-Q4 2016 ; $20.00 per week. Source: BLS Monthly Labor Review (June 1931), Shows the average hours and daily wages of various workers in quarries, sawmills, and many other industries throughout Virginia. Furniture, bookcases, carpets and rugs, curtains, hanging lamps, lightbulbs, table and floor lamps, clocks. along with the country of origin, value in that country, transportation charges, duty charges and retail price in the U.S. Includes a photo of most items. Includes wage data for Chicago as well. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. Source: BLS. Source: BLS, Shows the daily wages and hours of workers in 4 different industries in Madrid. Shows wages paid on American, Belgian, British, Danish, Dutch, French, Spanish and Swedish cargo ships, by occupations including seamen, engineers, first mates, second mates, radio operators, boatswains, firemen, coal passers, stewards, cooks, waiters, messmen, mess boys, carpenters, deck engineers, quartermasters, store keepers, donkey men, and more. Source: BLS. Source: the Historian of the U.S. Average earnings by occupation and districts. Source: BLS, Shows the hourly wages for men and women in Finnish unions. This article reprinted from a January 1923 edition of, This source quotes medians (the mid-point, with 50% falling below the line), first quartiles (25% falling below) and third quartiles (75% falling below). Knickerbockers, shirts, high school boy's suits, boy's fine suits, overcoats, winter coats, jackets, pajamas, rain coats, caps and hats, shoes. Compares average retail prices for "warehoused" name brand grocery items at independent and chain stores in Cincinnati. Source: You may download a pdf version of the 1928, Hotel rates are shown in the advertisements in. Shows salaries at the state, county and city levels. One threat the animals and birds could detect was the odor of gas that oozed from the ancient vegetation compacted over the ages. Source: Describes the labor policy of Australia in the 1920's and throughout the rest of the early 20th century. In 1900 almost 2 percent of Americans were coal miners. "In this region, I presume that a fee of $200 would be a pretty fair estimate of the surgeon's charge for operation and the after-treatment there would be between the operation and the death of the patient." The mine operators assumed that if they paid a worker according to the number of tons he loaded, they would foster a competitive climate underground; and in a sense, the tonnage system worked this way. Self-respecting craftsmen were even known to stop working when a foreman came by to inspect their room. Former Timeline picture editor. Even the most skilled miners could not detect the presence of kettle bottoms, the petrified remains of huge ancient tree trunks that could plunge through the roofs and crush workers. Wages are shown in both contemporary Yen and US dollars. 7-8 in: Extensive, 219-page report published in the Bureau of Labor StatisticsBulletin no. It was usually undertaken by women, and sometimes children. A miners compulsion to load as much coal as possible was tempered by experience, however. They designed complex ventilation systems with fans and interior doors to keep dangerous gases from causing explosions. 484. This Farmers' Bulletin, Cost of Using Horses on Corn-Belt Farms, goes into great detail about the costs of keeping work horses, including a. The need to correct these abuses led the UMWA to demand the employment of a check-weigh man whom the miners could trust. Engineers used anemometers to measure airflow within mines. 2-4. Shows expenditures among rural Virginia families for food, housing, clothing, automobiles, health insurance, recreation, personal items and more. Shows average public employee pay for each state. In 1925, motor vehicles were scrapped at an average age of 6.5 years. Shows the weekly earnings for 9 occupations in Amsterdam, Haarlem, the Hague, and Rotterdam. A trapper like Frank had to pay close attention to his duties, opening and closing the doors regularly to keep the air moving and to allow coal cars to pass back and forth. Prices are shown in contemporary US dollars. The struggle between workers and managers in the workplace played out vividly in the Pennsylvania coal mines. Source: U.S. Dept of Agriculture. See quartile, "Women in Alabama industries: a study of hours, wages and working conditions," Women's Bureau Bulletin #34 (. When he lit the fuse, the lead miner hollered, Fire in the hole, and scuttled out of the room with his buddy. Every three or four hundred feet, passageways were cut, creating narrower, corridor-like rooms that led to a coal face where each miner and his buddy worked in their own room. The colliers left large pillars of coal standing as they cut the face forward and sideways through breakthroughs that led to parallel rooms. Email: concannonm@missouri.edu MORE PRICES in the U.S. In 1928, halfof all families had a combined family income of $2000 or less. Source: U.S. BLS. Salt operators eventually hired more white or free-black laborers due to the risk of investing money in bondsmen, who frequently were killed or injured in the mines. Arthur Lewis. His salary was paid entirely by coal companies. But you get a certain amount of desperation, where youre willing to believe stuff even though you know in your gut its not true.. Source: BLS, Shows the average wages for an 8 hour work day in Riga within various industry groups. View object record Miner's hat, about 1930 Veteran colliers knew competitive individualism bred greed, hostility, thievery, and a disregard for mine safety. Shows pay tables based on years of service,for Army and Navygenerals, admirals, colonels, lieutenants, captains, ensigns, etc. Since money wage rates of foreign countries have little meaning for economists in America, only the real wage rates are given.", Shows the average hourly and weekly wages of various occupations for both skilled and unskilled laborers. Covers the states of NH, VT, MA, CT, KY, SC, AL, MO, KS, IA and OH. Wages are shown in Spanish pesetas. About half of the surveyed penal institutions gave prisoners some compensation, based on its use as incentive toward good work and better behavior, and to provide the convict with a small way to provide for his family. $15 - $30. Source: BLS, Shows the minimum hourly wages of various occupations in Brussels. Managers concentrated on business decisions, such as arranging transportation and selling their product. Discusses household expenditures for electricity, and estimates the number of homes that had various electrical appliances (radios, refrigerators, irons, etc.) No. Government Documents Department, Ellis Library It was a dreadful experience Booker T. Washington never forgot. Jump directly to prices for: meats and eggs, butter, cheese, milk, bread and flour, corn meal, rice, potatoes, granulated sugar, coffee and tea, onions, navy beans, prunes, raisins, canned salmon, evaporated milk, margarine, lard, oats, corn flakes, wheat cereal, macaroni, canned baked beans, canned corn, canned peas, canned tomatoes, bananas, oranges, and more. The coal industry required more labor than southern West Virginia could supply. Report published in 1921 tells wages for women working in offices, in meat and poultry packing, restaurants, food manufacturing, clothing manufacturing, laundries, and more. Source: BLS, Shows the cost of foodstuffs, clothing, and other necessities in Hungary. Shows the average weekly and hourly wages of different occupations in the Missouri shoe industry between 1913-1922. Men's:
Shows the daily wages of various common and low-skill occupations like building laborers, canners, and rice mill workers throughout the state. Wages are shown in French francs. Shows mining wages in Alabama, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming. Bathroom:
Source: Howard University, States "the average student probably spends about $700 per year for a college education" and shows, This source shows the cost of funerals and burial in 18 states and in 10 major cities. Shows wages by occupation grouped by industries, with breakouts for males and females. Managers liked immigrants because they worked for low wages. Shows compensation for individualjudgeson the U.S. Supreme Court, circuit courts and district courts. Wages are in contemporary US dollars. These were the underground attitudes Frank Keeney absorbed as he entered manhood as a coal miner. Wages are shown in German marks. As a rule he is paid so much per car, and a definite number of cars constitute a day's workthe number varying in different minesaveraging from five to seven, equaling from twelve to fifteen tons of coal. This series of tables shows the wage distribution and average weekly wages of a variety of industries and occupations in Missouri in 1921. An experienced miner would often work calmly under conditions that would terrify a novice, wrote a veteran of the bituminous mines. Source: BLS Bulletins. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. Wages are shown in pounds, shillings, and pence. Shows the daily wages of Chilean miners between 1911 and 1924 in both pesos and the U.S. dollar. Tomorrow night at 9pm PBSs American Experience will broadcast The Mine Wars, based on the book. Shows the average weekly hours and hourly wages for workers in the boot and shoe industry. College professor salaries, 1928 (Source: AAUP report). This mammoth work lists typical earnings as well as job descriptions and working conditions for thousands of occupations just before the Great Depression. Taking a mine car out of turnconstituted another grave offense. Shows the standard wages for different shift at ports in Antwerp, Belgium. Prices are shown in Swiss francs. Wages are shown in both Chervonetz roubles and contemporary U.S. dollars. By 1910, more Italian immigrants lived in McDowell County than anywhere else in the state. Shows data on the number of nursing school graduates from 1880 to 1929 as well as salary information. Typical compensation for directors, camera men, editors and more in, Shows typical earnings for reporters, feature writers, sports editors and others, in. The workday ended at 5:30 in the evening when the sunlight had already faded over the mountains. Mine foremen attempted various forms of industrial discipline to maximize productivity, but in the early 1900s, coal miners experienced little of the supervision foremen and factory managers imposed on workers; in fact, veteran colliers often became surly when a mine foreman came by their place on his little scooter to check on them. Wages are shown in French francs. Washington, D.C. Email powered by MailChimp (Privacy Policy & Terms of Use), The American Twins, Harpers Weekly, 1874, African American History Curatorial Collective. Compares average retail prices for grocery items in independent stores and in chain stores. Earnings and prices are shown in Swiss francs. Source: Shows lawyers' incomes instates and regions, by size of community served, by the age of the lawyer, number of years in practice, etc. Report published in 1925 mainly covers wages in manufacturing industries. In 1927, "$30 per month was taken as the average minimum expenditure for rent in Boston for the [working class] family of four living on the American standard.". Cabinets and cookware. Shows the daily wages for 11 different occupations in Parahyba, Brazil. Source: BLS, Shows the cost of foodstuffs and other necessities in Greece. Shows the average daily wages of various occupations in Athens and Piraeus. Religious organizations -Salaries, 1929in. Describes the labor policy of Great Britain in the 1920's and throughout the rest of the early 20th century. Wages are shown in Danish ore. Source: BLS, Shows the average price of foodstuffs and other common goods in the federal district of Mexico. Source: BLS. Source: The tables show pay for employees engaged in the manufacture of automobiles, trucks, car bodies and parts. Miners would lie on their backs and use a pick to undercut the coal. The strongest, most efficient men earned the most money at the end of the day. Police department personnel salaries and wages. 525. Shows family expenditures by category. Details the prices of appliances, furniture, and more household items on pp. Full chapter extends from pp. 407. Source: Lists minimum and maximum daily wages for male and female workers. Boy's:
In West Virginia's colliers, miners were paid 49 cents per ton of clean coal, compared with 76 cents in the unionized mines of Ohio. Another statute required employers to hire pit bosses to examine every working place in the mine, but only as often as practicable. A third rule required the managers to water the coal dust, but only when they detected a dangerous level of gas. Source: U.S. Federal Trade Commission report. Following legal tradition, companies usually placed blame and responsibility for injuries on the workers. There is also a table showing, Shows the value of multiple currencies in US dollars in the years of. Processing plants called breaker buildings were symbols of pride for mine communities. Sporting goods:
This is a New Zealand government document. 45-57. Source: BLS. Photographer + writer. In 1984 there were 174 deep coal mines in the UK by 1994 - the year the industry was finally privatized - there were just 15 left. 1920, Home plans and costs to build in California, 1920, Retail prices of building materials by city, 1922, Building material prices paid by farmers, 1923-1924, Cost to construct houses, by type of material - 1921, Building material prices paid by farmers, 1910-1960, Farm real estate - Average value by state and county, 1920, Price of farm land by county in selected states, 1912-1924, New England farms and land - Average value by county, 1920-1930, Farm real estate values in Midwestern states, 1912-2019, Land in Missouri - Cost to rent or buy by county, 1922, Rents in working class neighborhoods in Cincinnati, 1920, Household heating fuel costs and expenditures by city, 1927, Electricity - Average monthly bill, 1924-1950, Household electricity costs and expenditures by city, 1927, Changes in retail prices of electricity, 1923-38, Car prices with illustrations, 1900-1920s, Gasoline prices andtaxes, and annual consumption per vehicle, 1920-1939, Horse-drawn carriages, buggies and accessories, 1920, Horse and mule prices by state, 1919-1920, City transit fares in NY, PA, OH and MA - 1927, Streetcar, omnibus and subway rates, 1926, Passenger train fare in the U.S., 1871-1933, RR ticket prices between NYC and Chicago, 1910-1944, accessories (diapers, baby bottles, etc. In the words of the popular song Miners Lifeguard, written by a miner from Oak Hill, West Virginia: A miners life is like a sailors, Source: BLS, Shows the hourly and weekly earnings of industrial wages in Romanian leu. Part of a section on Negro women's wages. Inside workers are further classified as (1) miners and laborers who cut and load coal onto conveyors or into mine cars, and (2) all other employees whose occupations relate to transportation, timbering, pumping, ventilation, and other general underground work. They provided their own equipment and often hired assistants; managers extended credit for supplies like dynamite. The laborer's work is often made difficult by the water and rock which are found' in large quantities in coal veins. Data is separated by sex and age. Survey covered only white families over a certain. The craftiness and deftness of the best colliers was most evident when they performed the riskiest task of all. Here Are the Best Reviewed Books of the Month. Wages are shown in contemporary U.S. dollars. Includes drug items, toilet items, and miscellaneous items. "75 Years of American Finance: A Graphic Presentation 1861-1935" This website does a good job of organizing a complex topic. Rompers, night gowns, baby shoes, accessories (diapers, baby bottles, etc. Wages are shown in Sweden kronor. A good blast could bring down a ton or more of coal from the fractured face. Wages are shown in Brazilian milreis. Source: BLS Bulletin no. Source: BLS, Shows the daily wages of workers in the glass factories of northern France. 59-71. Includes the states of RI, NJ, OH, DE, OK, MO, GA, TN, AR, KY, SC, AL and MS. For best detail, see the full chapters on. Lengthy article reports how much educators earned in Illinois' high schools in 1920-1921. Wages are shown in Spanish pesetas. Bicycles, binoculars, footballs & basketball supplies, ice skates, athletic gear, boxing, baseball, & tennis supplies, fishing tackle, camping gear, guns. Shows expenditures by category with prices per article and amounts needed annually for a family of five. Shows brand names. Unskilled labor hired by cities for construction, repair or cleaning of streets. Source: Chicago Commission on Race Relations report. Montgomery Ward catalog shows prices of radios and radio supplies on 60+ pages. This risk increased enormously when inexperienced miners failed to undercut the coal before blasting and took the risk of shooting on the solid.. After the Civil War, industrialization meant a nearly limitless demand for anthracite and bituminous coal, and hundreds of thousands of new jobs spurred a population boom in the region, which stretches from western New York state to Alabama. Dining room furniture, silverware, dish sets. Calvin & Hobbes creator Bill Watterson is back. As the men removed one pillar after another, the wooden posts used to support the mine top would be strained as the roof started getting heavy. The wood would then creak and groan and then splinter as the miners heard the roof working above their heads and planned their retreat accordingly. Bedroom:
Mule drivers and trapper boys like Frank Keeney set out at six oclock every morning with the adult miners, who each carried a pick and auger, a can of black blasting powder, fuses, and a tamping rod. On one hand, the miners discipline and death-defying courage made them ideal industrial soldiers; on the other hand, the qualities the men forged in underground combat with the elementsbravery, fraternal fealty, and group solidarityhardened them for aboveground combat with their employers. In the hand-loading era, an underground miners workplace, usually called a room, was only as high as the coal seam. Source: BLS Bulletin no. The survey covered 114 different cotton mills in 12 different state, and generally divides tables by occupation, sex, and year or occupation, sex, and state. The deal, brokered by. Source: Lists costs of running a farm, including costs of power, labor, insurance, interest on loans, etc. Table shows average cost to rent houses by the number of rooms in each of 25 New Zealand cities and towns. Covers elementary, junior high, and high school teachers in American cities with populations of 2,500 or more. Also shows rowboat and pack horse rental rates, cost for guided tours, and transportation fares. Wages shown in 1930 US dollars. 285, Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. Source: BLS, Shows the average daily wage in both yen and US dollars. Separate listings forinspectors, police superintendents, captains, sergeants, privates, etc. Source: BLS. Priced by the single unit. for rural households in the U.S. and selected foreign countries. Lists wages paid to auto mechanics, office workers, window cleaners, barbers and hairdressers, bartenders in saloons, domestic servants, people working in social agencies, and more. Wages are shown in Spanish pesetas. Published by the National Industrial Conference Board. Wages are shown in both US and English currency. Shows the average daily wages paid to masons, electricians, bricklayers, bakers, blacksmiths and more. $32k - $76k. Check the, Shows the daily rate of Utah coal mining workers in a variety of jobs and occupations. Shows the average retail prices of staple foodstuffs in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Wages are shown in both German marks and contemporary U.S. dollars. Compensationby job titlefor New York City, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, San Francisco and more cities. Source: BLS Monthly labor review, Apr 1926, Shows the average retail prices of various foodstuffs throughout Switzerland. 8836. Wages on pages34-40. Figures expressed in both foreign currency and in dollars. Source: Shows the weekly wages of various occupations in Vienna. House paints, paint brushes, doors & windows, wrench sets, home improvement tools, steel safes, fencing, garden tools, wrenches & other assorted tools, water pumps, plows, milk cans, gasoline-powered generators. Study showed how much a family of five would need to live in Washington DC in 1920. Source: BLS, Shows the wages of a variety of occupations both in and outside of Copenhagen, Denmark. But Appalachian coal production peaked in 1918. Stealing another mans coal was considered a terrible crime. A thief could commit this offense easily, simply by removing one miners brass check from his coal car and replacing it with his own; but the miners often detected this kind of trickery and banded together to demand the thiefs termination. Shows pay for those involved in "1st class New York City productions" including actors of various levels (from chorus to leads) as well as directors, designers, scene painters, stage hands, etc. He later recalled his terror at being lost in a maze of underground rooms when his lamp went out. This was the world Frank Keeney entered as a boy. Source: Click "more" for direct links to each occupation. It may be necessary to read the chapters pertaining to the country, but you can find the actual minimum wages in the discussion. Average weekly earnings of male and female workers in the British cotton industry are shown at four periods of time in 1924. over the years. These deposits could produce firedamp, which contained methane and sometimes carbon dioxide that seeped out of the coal seams. Industrial home work was most common in clothing manufacturing and tobacco industries (rolling cigars, etc.) Income statistics of full time professional women were published in study by the Association of Business and Professional Women. Bonus. Under these terms, a hard worker could earn $2.00 for ten to twelve hours of labor, if the work was steady. Source: Median wages for butlers, chauffeurs, gardeners, furnace men and "house men" employed to work in private households in Philadelphia in the late 1920s. Source: BLS Monthly labor review, Oct 1927, Shows the average daily wages for 14 different occupations in the Florence district. Wages are shown in contemporary US dollars. TRANSPORTATION His pictures also reflect a variegated experience in Appalachia, countering stereotypes by depicting middle-class miners, racial diversity, and community pride. Source: BLS, Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. The correct use of explosives depended on the miners skill and knowledge of how to drill, how much powder to use, and how to damp a charge properly. Shows wages and hours for union bricklayers, building laborers, carpenters, cement finishers,hod carriers, inside wiremen, painters, plasterers, plumbers, stonecutters and more. Ukrainian immigrant Nick Gurski began working in the Boone County coal mines in the 1920s. Time became important to managers as they changed their labor model. Most trapper boys learned how to overcome their fears by watching and listening to the colliers who went underground with them. Constitution Avenue, NW A mail order catalog for the Fall/Winter season, 1920-1921. Source: BLS, Shows the annual earnings of manual and nonmanual workers in Sweden. Source: BLS. Between 12th and 14th Streets Few words meant more to mine workers than manliness, a quality that connoted dignity, respectability, defiant egalitarianism, and patriarchal male supremacy, in the words of historian David Montgomery. Eventually, his sons and grandsons also worked in the mines. Includes a table showing. In 1907, West Virginia appointed John Nugent as superintendent of immigration. Source: BLS, Shows the average daily wages of day laborers, farm hands, clerks, bookkeepers, government employees, and army members in Lithuania. Hourly employees were bound to the ten-hour day, but the coal loaders, or tonnage men, often worked fewer hours and sometimes exercised the right to leave the mine without permission. All of these mines included a main entry, or portal, and a second tunnel, or monkey drift, which provided workers with ventilationa barely adequate suction through a surface grate created by a coal fire that burned all day. Source: BLS Bulletin no. Tables 6-13 show farm land prices by county in IA, MN, ND, ID, OH, KY, NC and TX. The mine was run by the Japanese, who had occupied the area, along with the rest of the puppet state of Manchukuo, using prisoners of war or poorly-paid Chinese locals as their miners. Every workday a panel of miners, ranging from fourteen to twenty-eight men, passed through a main entry and then turneddown a side entry. At suppertime, youngsters like Frank would sit with the men on a pile of slate and listen as veterans of the mine would sing songs, spin yarns, and tell jokes; they would rib the boys, trick them for laughs, and tell them tall tales of the devilish apparitions that appeared to them down in the hole. Source: BLS, The explanation states: "real wage rates have been computed by the Statistical Office on the basis of the official German cost-of-living index. Boys discovered that serious men turned into jokers when they toiled underground. See list of the most common occupations for women in 1910 and 1920 (source: Census Bureau). Includes many brand names. Wages are shown in Latvian rubles. Article compares the cost of renting versus buying a home in 1928. The failure of a mine boss to dampen the coal dust was the reason the Red Ash mine blew up in 1905, killing thirteen men and boys on Fire Creek. Includes breakouts for adults and. Source: BLS Monthly Labor Review, July 1930. Then the men and boys would gather their tools and trudge down the mountainside to their little cabins to wash off the coal dust that smudged their faces, necks, arms, and hands, and to sit down for an evening meal. Source: BLS, Shows the average wage rates for 19 different occupations in Hamburg, Germany. Shows wages for common and semi-skilled workers in manufacturing and construction industries, in baking, agriculture, metal and printing trades. Coal diggers gave up some of their hard-earned pay to aid fellow miners when they were sick or injured, and when a mine exploded, they risked their lives to rescue the survivors trapped inside. For easier browsing, the information is. Acquiring a sense of humor helped mask a workers dread of the mine, but joking was no substitute for learning how to be careful. See data considerations for explanation. Source: "Income of Lawyers, 1929-1948" in the August 1949 issue of. Women's:
Workers focused on the pace of work, safety, and wages. Mentions the wages paid to both skilled and unskilled workers in francs. FromTHE DEVIL HERE IN THESE HILLS(Atlantic Monthly Press), now out in paperback. $180 - $5k. When the smoke cleared, the collier and his buddy would swing their picks to break up large clumps of coal and shovel the smaller lumps into a mine car; it was back-aching work made more painful by the narrowness of the room. Source: BLS, Shows prices of dozens of food and grocery items, soap, coal, wood by the cord, matches by the box and, Shows the amount spent by a typical Canadian family on food, laundry, fuel/lighting, and rent over time. Watch the rocks, theyre falling daily, Source: 1934 Statistical Abstract of the United States. After a temporary escape to attend grammar school, it was the world he reentered in 1900 as an eighteen-year-old man willing and able to load coal for a miners pay. Data gathered by the National Industrial Conference Board (a group of industry associations) which used European government publications for information. Click "more" for direct links to wages in each occupation. Miners spent their entire shift underground, taking lunch, drinks, and snacks with them. Shows average dollar amount spent annually in categories such as food, clothing, maintenance of health, personal goods, furniture and more. Shows data for 12 cities located in NY, OH, PA and MA, including NYC, Boston, Philadelphia and more. Shows by county the price of undeveloped land, plow land and farm land. Occupations included are limited before 1916. Despite significant danger, miners received little compensation for injuries. This table covers pages 357-360 in this source. Appalachias traditionally small, locally owned mines started merging with larger energy firms in the 1960s, and by 1970 bituminous coal employment had dropped to 140,000 people from its 1923 peak of 740,000. After checking in, they climbed up a steep trail from the office to the portal of a mine. During the early 1900s, roof falls in the bituminous coal mines killed an average of 886 workers every year, as compared with the 274 deaths per year caused by explosions and fires. Arranged by occupation and then by city and year.
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