Sulla's descendants continued to be prominent in Roman politics into the imperial period. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. Website. This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. Tools for primary source analysis. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. The dictator is the subject of four Italian operas, two of which take considerable liberties with history: Sulla is a central character in the first three, Lucius Cornelius Sulla is also a character in the first book of the, His first wife was Ilia, according to Plutarch. Primary sources are original . Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. Editor: Paul Halsall. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. 82 BC. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. Books. In . Examples include journal articles, reviews . 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. Published by at 29, 2022. He could acknowledge the law as valid. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. Guide. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. The collection currently contains . "[133][134], At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC,[135] the Senate appointed Sulla dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa ("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . Learning in Black and White. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor Nero made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. He can hardly have been in any doubt. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full.