Also see the option below, where you can data-drive an Examples: table using JSON. The scenario expression result is expected to be an array of JSON objects. (not) operator is especially useful for contains and JSON arrays. This is rarely used, unless you are expecting binary content returned by the server. Feature: multiple header management approaches that demonstrate how after. Karate has an elegant way to set multiple keys (via path expressions) in one step. The above example actually makes two HTTP requests - the first is a standard sign-in POST and then (for illustrative purposes) another HTTP call (a GET) is made for retrieving a list of projects for the signed-in user, and the first one is selected and added to the returned auth token JSON object. While converting a number to a string is easy (just concatenate an empty string e.g. So you get the picture, any kind of complicated sign-in flow can be scripted and re-used. The get keyword allows you to save the results of a JsonPath expression for later use - which is especially useful for dynamic data-driven testing. In other words, when call or callonce is used without a def, the called script not only shares all variables (and configure settings) but can update the shared execution context. This approach is indeed slightly more complicated than traditional *.properties files - but you need this complexity. If you are a Java developer - Karate requires at least Java 8 and then either Maven, Gradle, Eclipse or IntelliJ to be installed. Conditionally making a test fail is easy with karate.fail(). 'name is Bob and age is 5', # the single cell can be any valid karate expression, * def generator = function(i){ if (i == 20) return null; return { name, Keywords that set multiple key-value pairs in one step, Managing Headers, SSL, Timeouts and HTTP Proxy, Matching Sub-Sets of JSON Keys and Arrays, mix Karate into Java projects or legacy UI-automation suites, Karate entered the ThoughtWorks Tech Radar, 7 New Features in Karate Test Automation Version 1.0, nested chunks of JSON that name-space your config variables, alternate way of calling JavaScript functions, exact same example implemented in REST-assured and TestNG, do not use this unless you know what you are doing, see above, Comparison engine(s) to use. Note that the parallel runner will run Scenario-s in parallel, which means they can run in any order. Variables set using def in the Background will be re-set before every Scenario. For example: While the tag does not need to be in the @key=value form, it is recommended for readability when you start getting into the business of giving meaningful names to your Scenario-s. Note that if you did not need to inject Examples: into placeholders enclosed within < and >, reading from a file with the extension *.txt may have been sufficient. jbang is a great way for you to install and execute scripts that use Karates Java API on any machine with minimal setup. { A good example of where you may need this is if you programmatically write a file to the target folder, and then you can read it like this: Take a look at the Karate Demos for real-life examples of how you can use files for validating HTTP responses, like this one: read-files.feature. The static method com.intuit.karate.Runner.runFeature() is best explained in this demo unit-test: JavaApiTest.java. Karate was based on Cucumber-JVM until version 0.8.0 but the parser and engine were re-written from scratch in 0.9.0 onwards. Karate Demo. This tag selection capability is designed for you to be able to compose flows out of existing test-suites when using the Karate Gatling integration. You end up with a decent approximation of BDD even though web-services by nature are headless, without a UI, and not really human-friendly. or $[. But the recommended way is to use the karateEnv(name, value) or systemProperty(name, value) API on the parallel-runner. Given the examples above, it has to be said that a best practice with Karate is to avoid JavaScript for loops as far as possible. 11 Is it easy to create a karate framework? You can imagine how you could evolve a nice set of utilities that validate all your domain objects. #10, #15: There must be a structure expected as a response of the API. Use a variable in the called feature instead, for e.g. input: { A Gherkin file is saved with the ".feature" extension. Passing data from one feature file to another is very common requirement when it comes to automation. You need to use karate.toJava() to wrap JS functions passed to custom Java code. A callonce is ideally used for only pure JSON. Embedded expressions also make more sense in validation and schema-like short-cut situations. Mac: Cmd+R+1. How to specify a single scenario with jar file? return 'this text will be displayed to the user when they click the rebase button' * match response contains only deep { foo, # and you can use 'contains' the way you'd expect, # some more examples of validation macros, # this is also possible, see the subtle difference from the above, """ if you are using Karate to create a Java application, LOGBack will look for logback.xml. Short story taking place on a toroidal planet or moon involving flying, Doesn't analytically integrate sensibly let alone correctly, Full text of the 'Sri Mahalakshmi Dhyanam & Stotram', Equation alignment in aligned environment not working properly. The assert keyword can be used to assert that an expression returns a boolean value. For this, Cucumber has already provided a way to organize your scenario execution by using tags in feature file. Refer to the section on JsonPath short-cuts for a deeper understanding of named JsonPath expressions in Karate. A JavaScript function or Karate expression at runtime has access to a utility object in a variable named: karate. Comma delimited values are supported which can be more convenient, and takes care of URL-encoding and appending / between path segments as needed. There are a few situations where this comes in handy: As a convenience, you can omit the eval keyword and so you can shorten the above to: This is very convenient especially if you are calling a method on a variable that has been defined such as the karate object, and for general-purpose scripting needs such as UI automation. But if you need to use values in the response headers - they will be in a variable named responseHeaders. This is best explained in this example that involves listening to an ActiveMQ / JMS queue. This is a normal JUnit 4 test class ! Other errors could be a java.net.URISyntaxException and match not working as expected because of special or foreign characters, e.g. This will create a folder called myproject (or whatever you set the name to). convenient way to execute an OS specific command and return the console output e.g. response is a built-in variable in karate that stores HTTP API response. And here is how cat-create.feature could look like: If you replace the table with perhaps a JavaScript function call that gets some JSON data from some data-source, you can imagine how you could go about dynamic data-driven testing. useful to scrape text out of non-JSON or non-XML text sources such as HTML, like the above, but returns a list of text-matches. Notice how once the authToken variable is initialized, it is used by the above function to generate headers for every HTTP call made as part of the test flow. So you can refer to the response, responseStatus or even responseHeaders if needed. name: John How do you pass special characters in karate URL? Karate is quite flexible, and provides multiple options for you to evolve patterns that fit your environment, as you can see here: xml.feature. The primary classes are described below. Note that Karate has built-in support for CSV files and here is an example: dynamic-csv.feature. So you can use Karate to set-up data via API calls, then run the UI test-automation, and finally again use Karate to assert that the system-state is as expected. You can find more examples here: xml.feature. If a handler function (returning a boolean) is provided - it will be used to complete the listen wait if true is returned. For more complex functions you are better off using the multi-line doc-string approach. For e.g. myInt + ''), in some rare cases, you may need to convert a string to a number. None of the examples in the documentation use the $varName form on the LHS, and this is the recommended best-practice. You can imagine how this greatly simplifies setting up tests for boundary conditions. For JUnit 5 you can omit the public modifier for the class and method, and there are some changes to import package names. This is useful for testing payloads with JSON arrays whose members have a few essential keys that you wish to validate. But you will never need to worry about this internal data-representation most of the time. Create a Test Runner class. b The above example does not use shared scope, which means that the variables in the calling (parent) feature are not shared by the called my-signin.feature. One way to define test-suites in Karate is to have a JUnit class at a level above (in terms of folder hierarchy) all the *.feature files in your project. The name of the class doesn't matter, and it will automatically run any *. For example if you have the JUnit class in the com.mycompany package, *.feature files in com.mycompany.foo and com.mycompany.bar will also be run. This has the advantage that you can use pure JsonPath and be more concise. You can skip this section and jump straight to the Syntax Guide if you are in a hurry to get started with Karate. Format of the keyStore file. }, this is what most teams do. foo: 'hello', path to file containing public and private keys for your client certificate. object.name. For a detailed discussion on BDD and how Karate relates to Cucumber, please refer to this blog-post: Yes, Karate is not true BDD. "c": 3 Now it should be clear how Karate makes it easy to express JSON or XML. there is exactly one row and one column in the table. How to run a specific feature file in Karate? But note that you can use the negative form of a tag selector: ~@region=GB. Since Karate uses Gherkin, you can also employ data-driven techniques such as expressing data-tables in test scripts. You can replace the values of com.mycompany and myproject as per your needs. This is optional, and Karate will work without the logging config in place, but the default console logging may be too verbose for your needs. Since match and set go well together, they are both introduced in the examples in the section below. Karates approach is that all the step-definitions you need in order to work with HTTP, JSON and XML have been already implemented. Since this is a frequently asked question, the different ways of being able to re-use code (or data) are summarized below. There may be cases where you want to suppress this to make the reports lighter and easier to read. To run only a single scenario, append the line number on which the scenario is defined, de-limited by :. For advanced users, note that tags and the karate.env environment-switch can be linked using the special environment tags. While this sounds dangerous and should be used with care (and limits readability), the reason this feature exists is to quickly set (or over-write) a bunch of config variables when needed. To create a feature file, right click on the Project explorer, choose New >> File. You can still perform string comparisons such as a match contains and look for error messages etc. { Url encoding is required to differentiate between special characters in your data vs special characters that are reserved to construct the URL. id: '#regex[0-9]+', The Maven tradition is to have non-Java source files in a separate src/test/resources folder structure - but we recommend that you keep them side-by-side with your *.java files. In the case of the call of a JavaScript function, you can also pass a JSON array or a primitive (string, number, boolean) as the solitary argument, and the function implementation is expected to handle whatever is passed. feature file from your Java IDE, you just need the following empty test-class in the same package. Note that this example only does a string equals check on parts of the JSON, but with Karate you are always encouraged to match the entire payload in one step. Note how triple-quotes (""") are used to enclose content. For example, see the sayHelloFactory() method below: And now, to get a reference to that function you can do this: This can be convenient when using shared scope because you can just call sayHello('myname') where needed. When multipart content is involved, the Content-Type header of the HTTP request defaults to multipart/form-data. These are essential HTTP operations, they focus on setting one (un-named or key-less) value at a time and therefore dont need an = sign in the syntax. This is best explained via, returns the size of the map-like or list-like object. } GET Method: Step 1: Create a feature file under src/test/java folder. It also details how a third-party library can be easily used to generate some very nice-looking reports, from the JSON output of the parallel runner. The following parameters are supported: For end-to-end examples in the Karate demos, look at the files in this folder. This can be easily achieved with the following tweak to your maven section. No tests run in maven project with karate module. Change the name of the job to "Unit tests" and type the following command: mvn test. if the name is "first": And if you use IntelliJ - you can right click and do the above. Refer to JsonPath short-cuts for a detailed explanation. before you fire the method. A very useful capability is to be able to check that an array contains an object that contains the provided sub-set of keys instead of having to specify the complete JSON - which can get really cumbersome for large objects. All you need is available in the karate-core artifact. The match keyword will work as you expect. 2 To make dynamic data-driven testing easier, the following keywords also exist: params, headers, cookies and form fields. And it is worth mentioning that the Karate configuration bootstrap routine is itself a JavaScript function. } Some users need callable features that are re-usable even when variables have not been defined by the calling feature. Multi-value headers (though rarely used in the wild) are also supported: Also look at the headers keyword which uses JSON and makes some kinds of dynamic data-driven testing easier. deleted: false Add an automation story in BDD syntax. Refer to this example for more details: graphql.feature. But this does not limit you in any way, because similar to how you can call *.feature files, you can pass a whole JSON object as the argument. So in dev mode you can easily set this behavior like this. Something worth mentioning here is that you would hardly need to use assert in your test scripts. Because Karate strips trailing slashes if part of a path parameter, if you want to append a forward-slash to the end of the URL in the final HTTP request - make sure that the last path is a single /. Prefer readability over re-use. When you use a JUnit runner - after the execution of each feature, an HTML report is output to the target/karate-reports folder and the full path will be printed to the console (see video). Easy to create a framework. They seamlessly fit in-line within your test script. Then use the header keyword to do a custom over-ride if needed. This can be convenient if a particular call results in a huge response payload. But you can choose a single test to run like this: When your Java test runner is linked to multiple feature files, which will be the case when you use the recommended parallel runner, you can narrow down your scope to a single feature, scenario or directory via the command-line, useful in dev-mode. returns the last HTTP response as a JS object that enables advanced use-cases such as getting a header ignoring case: returns the last HTTP request as a JS object that enables advanced use-cases such as getting a header ignoring case: get metadata about the currently executing, sets the value of a variable (immediately), which may be needed in case any other routines (such as the, where the single argument is expected to be a, only needed when you need to conditionally build payload elements, especially XML. The section on Karate Expressions goes into the details. function (config, downloadLatestFn) { // trigger download of latest image with custom file name """, * configure imageComparison = { onShowRebase, # custom JS function called in Karate HTML image comparison UI when the user clicks the `Show config` button, """ Expressions are evaluated using the embedded JavaScript engine. In the first feature file creating a Git Repo. Mocks writing. If you find yourself needing a complex helper or utility function, we strongly recommend that you use Java because it is much easier to maintain and even debug if needed. Allowed keystore types are as described in the. If you have to set a bunch of deeply nested keys, you can move the parent path to the top, next to the set keyword and save a lot of typing ! Refer to the section on dynamic port numbers for an example. if you acquired a string from some external source, or if you generated JSON (or XML) by concatenating text or using replace, you may want to convert a string to JSON and vice-versa. So if you take the previous folder structure example, you can do this on the command-line: Here, AnimalsTest is the name of the Java class we designated to run the multiple *.feature files that make up your test-suite. There can be multiple Scenario-s in a *.feature file, and at least one should be present. So you have the following type markers you can use instead of def (or the rarely used text). So the above could be re-written as follows: It is worth repeating that the above can be condensed into 2 lines. We just need to follow the Karate DSL syntax. Dont forget that Karates data-driven testing capabilities can loop over arrays of JSON objects automatically. Note how even tags to exclude (or include) can be specified: Note that any Feature or Scenario with the special @ignore tag will be skipped by default. This enables more concise tests, and the file can be re-usable in multiple, data-driven tests. Important: do not use the @RunWith(Karate.class) annotation. Karate is the only open-source tool to combine API test-automation, mocks, performance-testing and even UI automation into a single, unified framework. But one pattern that you should be aware of is that JSON is actually a great data-structure for looking up data. When expressing expected results (in JSON or XML) you can mark some fields to be ignored when the match (comparison) is performed. Some characters such as the hyphen - are not permitted in lenient JSON keys (because they are interpreted by the JS engine as a minus sign). After one year KarateIDE have reached Version 1.0.0.The best user experience for KarateDSL, by far!! or anything wrapped in parentheses which will be evaluated as JavaScript - e.g. Note that def will over-write any variable that was using the same name earlier. Create a feature file under src/test/resources. Now we are all set for the Parallel execution with 2. features file. If you don't want to run Gatling tests as part of the normal Maven test lifecycle, you can avoid the <executions> section as described previously.. Gradle . [{ Herea table of the alternative in-line forms compared with the standard form. For example: And similarly for XML and XPath, / represents the response. odd: '#(oddSchema)', {2}', id: '#uuid' }, # convenient (and recommended) way to check for array length, # here we enclose in round-brackets to preserve the optional embedded expression, # so that it can be used later in a "match", """ And Karate gives you control over these aspects with the small set of keywords focused on HTTP such as url, path, param, etc. Run Test from Command Line. Multiple feature files (or paths) can be specified, de-limited by the space character. Here is an example of what is possible: Not something you would commonly use, but in some cases you need to disable Karates default behavior of attempting to parse anything that looks like JSON (or XML) when using multi-line / string expressions. A stand-alone example can be found here: examples/image-comparison along with a video explanation. { height As a convenience, you can call a tag directly, which is a short-cut to call another Scenario within the same feature file. "a": 1, If you really need to re-use a Java function, see Java Function References. Note that the set (multiple) keyword can build complex, nested JSON (or XML) from scratch in a data-driven manner, and you may not even need to read from files for many situations. ] When you have a sequence of HTTP calls that need to be repeated for multiple test scripts, Karate allows you to treat a *.feature file as a re-usable unit. For placeholder-substitution, the replace keyword can be used instead, but with the advantage that the text can be read from a file or dynamically created. In such cases it might be desirable to have your tests using karate.logger.debug('your additional info') instead of the print keyword so you can keep logs in your pipeline in INFO. It is worth repeating that in most cases you wont need to set the Content-Type header as Karate will automatically do the right thing depending on the data-type of the request. The tests eecutes fine if i use maven command or run from runner file( .java). If you are behind a corporate proxy, or especially if your local Maven installation has been configured to point to a repository within your local network, the command below may not work. What this means is that you are free to use whatever makes sense for you. mass Learn more. Changing request body in test script. Here is an example: Any Karate variable will be available to the template, which is users.html in this example. A few more useful transforms are to select a sub-set of key-value pairs using karate.filterKeys(), merging 2 or more JSON-s using karate.merge() and combining 2 or more arrays (or objects) into a single array using karate.append(). # this next line may perform many steps and result in multiple variables set for the rest of the script, """ If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Refer to this for the complete example: schema-like.feature. Karate will also run Scenario-s in parallel by default. You can easily get the value of the current environment or profile, and then set up global variables using some simple JavaScript. JSON arrays), see. For suppressing sensitive information such as secrets and passwords from the log and reports, see Log Masking and Report Verbosity. In the above example, the end-result of the call to my-signin.feature resulted in the authToken variable being initialized. 'put', # if you have dynamic keys you can do this, # enable ssl (and no certificate is required), # enable ssl and force the algorithm to TLSv1.2, # time-out if the response is not received within 10 seconds (after the connection is established), # set the uri of the http proxy server to use, https://user:password@zalenium.net/wd/hub, # if this was in karate-config.js, it would apply "globally", # enable X509 certificate authentication with PKCS12 file 'certstore.pfx' and password 'certpassword', # trust all server certificates, in the feature file, // trust all server certificates, global configuration in 'karate-config.js', # add new keys. How to pass data from one feature file to another in karate? Typical symptoms are your tests working fine via the IDE but not when running via Maven or Gradle. karate.appendTo(idxs, i); all the key-value pairs are added to the HTTP headers. And includes a set of Karate examples that test these services as well as demonstrate various Karate features and best-practices. Keep in mind that the start-up configuration routine could have already initialized some variables before the script even started. Here below is an example jbang script that uses the Karate Java API to do some useful work. If you want to use JUnit 4, use karate-junit4 instead of karate-junit5. Provides supports for the Data Driver Testing that is built in-house, hence no need to depend on external frameworks. You can even mix domain and conditional validations and perform all assertions in a single step. This is useful when you ship a JAR file containing re-usable features and JavaScript / Java code and want to default a few variables that teams can inherit from. This is useful when you want to express a one-off lengthy snippet of text in-line, without having to split it out into a separate file.